Environmental Justice Practice Exam

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• Which justice framework focuses on the equitable distribution of benefits and burdens across generations?
• Collective continuance critiques emphasize that environmental hazards are not distributed equally; they are disproportionately located in communities of color. What does this critique highlight?
• In addressing Cancer Alley, which justice type may be necessary in addition to distributive justice?
• Which component is typically included in a Community Benefits Agreement (CBA)?
• What is a Community Benefits Agreement (CBA) and how does it relate to EJ?
• How can policymakers mitigate unintended consequences in EJ planning?
• The Public-Private Paradox Example is described as what because of policy differences across states?
• The Social Movement Emergence critique describes regulatory processes as what?
• According to Schlosberg, which are the two basic, defensible principles of distributive justice?
• Traditional models of Environmental Justice are described as being which of the following?
• Misrecognition is described as what?
• The environmental racism concept also encompasses racial and class dimensions, with injustices disproportionately affecting lower-income neighborhoods. Which statement best captures this idea?
• In EJ data analysis, what does ground-truthing refer to?
• Alternative analyses in permitting decisions examine what?
• During the Chicago heat wave of 1995, which groups experienced higher mortality rates?
• Which statement about framing in social movements is accurate?
• What best captures the definition of ecological justice as presented?
• Which reforms could strengthen environmental justice in environmental policy?
• Environmental injustice can involve the siting of hazardous environmental industries based on identity characteristics or vulnerabilities, such as technologies located in semi-rural areas with less governance. How is environmental injustice best described?
• Beyond elk population changes, what ecological effect is associated with wolves' reintroduction in Yellowstone?
• Why are cumulative impacts essential to consider in EJ analyses?
• Which statement best captures a common critique of ecological justice as described?
• What best captures the main idea of climate relocation's impact on collective continuance when rising seas threaten a coastal Indigenous community?
• In reparations discourse, advocates argue that wealthy nations should do what?
• What does environmental justice aim to recognize and address?
• What best defines environmental justice?
• How does the Clean Air Act relate to environmental justice concerns?
• Environmental Justice vs. Environmental Racism is sometimes described using a river metaphor, where all EJ movements feed into the river. What does this metaphor imply about EJ movements?
• Public-Private Paradox Relevance describes which concept?
• Which of the following is identified as a challenge in reparations discussions?
• The Public-Private Paradox Def describes core EJ idea that ...
• Which scenario illustrates an environmental justice concern?
• Collective Continuance overlaps conceptually with which idea?
• What is a key practical implication of integrating environmental justice into federal decision making under NEPA?
• Identify two pollutants frequently highlighted in urban environmental justice concerns and explain why.
• Which elements are essential to making climate adaptation planning environmentally just?
• What term describes the pattern of environmental changes that compound over time to reinforce settler ignorance against Indigenous peoples?
• In environmental governance, what does unequal governance refer to?
• Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ecological justice as described?
• Name a practical EJ mitigation measure for a proposed facility.
• According to Cole and Foster, which movement is considered the greatest tributary to the Environmental Justice Movement?
• Which components are typically included in reparations discussions?
• How does community science strengthen EJ efforts?
• What impact did organizational vehicles have on climate activism, according to the critique?
• Within Environmental Justice history, what issue is central to Native American struggles?
• Give a water-related environmental justice example and the key policy lesson learned.
• How do water contamination incidents exemplify EJ issues?
• What three contributions did Civil Rights activists bring to the Environmental Justice Movement?
• Equity analysis is needed in EJ because neutral decisions can still produce disparate impacts due to what?
• Which of the following best captures the factors that contribute to the likelihood of a social movement's emergence?
• Which statement best captures the role of greenspace and buffer zones in planning for EJ?
• Environmental justice seeks to ensure what for all communities?
• Which form of justice is primarily concerned with the fair allocation of social goods and environmental benefits or burdens?
• Environmental racism is best described as which of the following?
• What does 'disproportionate effects' mean in the context of environmental justice?
• Which concept is defined as the equitable distribution of benefits and burdens across generations?
• The Public-Private Paradox Critique emphasizes which focus when considering justice in environmental policy?
• What relationship do Bullard and colleagues document regarding environmental hazards?
• What is a common limitation of EJ Screen data?
• What does FPIC stand for and why is it relevant to EJ?
• In ecological justice discourse, which relation is central when describing its scope?
• Which statement best captures the distributive justice critique about redistribution and structural injustice?
• Which groups provided a foundational influence for Environmental Justice and ecological justice movements?
• An example of this term is Indigenous peoples being displaced to lands with oil or uranium mining, resulting in health harms across generations.
• What is a major critique of procedural justice?
• Which practice best supports meaningful participation in environmental justice work?
• Which term describes the pattern by which environmental changes accumulate to reinforce settler ignorance against Indigenous peoples?
• In practical terms, environmental racism is best described as what?
• What constitutes effective risk communication in EJ contexts?
• In EJ risk communication, what is the importance of listening to community concerns?
• What is a potential implication if federal and state EJ initiatives diverge?
• Environmental justice critiques sometimes revolve around a misdirected focus on what?
• Environmental racism is defined as the disproportionate siting of hazardous environmental industries in non-white communities, with Warren County, Pennsylvania as an example. Which statement best defines environmental racism?
• Which characteristic describes the Anti-Toxics Movement in EJ history?
• What does a disproportionate burden mean in EJ terms?
• What procedural justice violation occurred during the Flint Water Crisis of 2014?
• Adaptive capacity is best understood as which concept?
• What is the role of community participation in environmental justice, and what constitutes meaningful participation?
• What is a key critique of the Settler Colonialism framework regarding land?
• What is EJ Screen and what is its primary purpose?
• What is a common EJ criticism of traditional cost-benefit analysis?
• Which concept is illustrated by current generations benefiting from fossil fuels while future generations bear costs such as rising sea levels and biodiversity loss?
• Which of the following is one of the four kinds of justice associated with environmental justice, alongside procedural, distributional, and recognition?
• What do Fraser, Honneth, and Young argue about procedural justice?
• What major takeaway is commonly cited from the Warren County PCB landfill case (1982)?
• What does the Recognition Justice example suggest about recognizing inequalities?
• A pipeline built through indigenous land may threaten sacred sites, water sources, and treaty rights, disrupting the community's relationship to land. This scenario best illustrates which aspect of collective continuance?
• Which are the four kinds of justice relevant to environmental justice?
• In EJ, which dimension is primarily about meaningful participation by affected communities in decision-making?
• Which element of procedural justice is illustrated by late notification of residents in a highway expansion plan?
• PM2.5 and NO2 are highlighted in environmental justice because they are linked to exposure disparities and what health outcomes?
• Which statement best describes the Social Production of Disasters theory?
• Distinguish between bias due to structural racism and bias from apparently neutral decisions in EJ.
• In the concept of collective continuance, what is central to maintaining a community's identity?
• Intergenerational justice includes ideas such as the persistence of community and having a responsibility to future generations as part of environmental justice decolonization.
• A common critique of the Social Production of Disasters model is that it may underemphasize which factor?
• Why is language access essential in EJ engagement?
• A critique of intergenerational justice claims argues that they may undermine Indigenous social resilience as self-determining collectives. Which option reflects this critique?
• AI data center decision-making occurs at the intersection of which factors?
• What is the role of civil society organizations in EJ advocacy?
• Which statement correctly identifies the three factors that must align for a movement to be effective?
• What is a common critique of ecological justice as described?
• How should benefits and burdens be weighed in EJ evaluations?
• What is a common critique of traditional Environmental Justice models?
• Recognition justice is described as the lack of respect and recognition leading to what consequence?
• Which statement is true about Social Movement Emergence factors as presented?
• Cumulative risk assessments in EJ policy are intended to evaluate what?
• The myth that colonizers found America as an untouched wilderness is an example of which concept?
• Which of the following is commonly used as an EJ indicator?
• Equity-focused EJ analyses differ from traditional EJ assessments by prioritizing:
• Which EJ dimension emphasizes respecting diverse cultures, identities, and knowledge?
• What is the purpose of a Health Impact Assessment in the EJ process?
• Which event is cited as illustrating ecological balance restoration?
• How do land use planning and zoning influence environmental justice outcomes?
• How does NEPA relate to environmental justice in federal decision-making?
• What is the Right-to-Know principle in environmental justice, and why is it important?
• According to the framework, climate activism in the United States has not meaningfully emerged due to three factors. Which option is NOT one of those factors?
• What key policy lesson emerged from the Flint water crisis regarding environmental justice?
• Procedural justice in EJ emphasizes what aspect?
• Environmental injustice encompasses not only race but also class dimensions, reflecting a broader pattern of unfair distribution of environmental harms. Which statement best describes this?
• Which statement best aligns with the ecological justice framework described?
• The Warren County, PA example is commonly cited to illustrate which concept?
• Which items are listed as capabilities in Capabilities Justice?
• Which concept emphasizes that environmental harm can undermine a people's ability to maintain their way of life across generations?
• Cancer alley along the Mississippi River is used in the material as an example of which type of justice?
• Executive Order 12898 requires federal agencies to identify and address disproportionately high or adverse environmental effects on which populations and to integrate EJ considerations into planning, programming, and decision-making?
• Which procedures are described as both an element of justice and a condition for social justice in participatory justice?
• Why is a color-conscious approach important in environmental justice policy design?
• Environmental Governance is defined as what?
• Which of the following is described as a spillover effect of natural gas fracking on neighboring properties in rural Pennsylvania?
• What does cultural competency in EJ outreach entail?
• An intersectional approach to environmental issues is often advocated because the injustices and racisms overlap. Why is intersectionality important in environmental justice?
• Which term best matches the definition describing the community's ability to maintain and renew its way of life across generations, including relationships with land, water, plants, animals, ancestors, descendants, culture, governance, and self-determination?
• What does distributional justice focus on within environmental justice?
• Why is data privacy important in community EJ data collection?
• Environmental Governance examples illustrate which of the following?
• What is a key critique of Capabilities Justice as described in the material?
• What is the role of healthcare professionals in EJ advocacy?
• Environmental health disparity and how is it assessed?
• What is the role of community engagement in EJ policy?
• If rising sea levels force an indigenous coastal community to relocate, the loss is not just housing or property. The community may lose access to burial grounds, fishing areas, ceremonial spaces, and ancestral land. This best describes which aspect of collective continuity being hardest to maintain?
• Which idea is described in the material as part of intergenerational justice?
• In some frameworks, what is prioritized over actual solutions in addressing environmental concerns?
• Why is a cumulative risk assessment often preferred over a single-pollutant risk assessment in EJ?
• Differentiate between meaningful participation and simple notification in environmental justice work.
• What is the core idea behind the three factors framework for social movement emergence?
• What EJ concerns arise with pipelines and fossil fuel infrastructure?
• A critique of Environmental Governance notes which tension?
• Why are Indigenous rights central to EJ discussions?
• How does ecological justice differ from traditional environmental justice, according to the material?
• Which term defines the pattern where Indigenous peoples are forced onto environmentally degraded lands, leading to multi-generational health issues?
• Explain the three environmental justice pillars and give a brief description of each.
• The view of time as cyclical rather than linear is used as an example within which framework?
• What is a major critique of Capabilities Justice as described in the material?
• Why is the urban heat island phenomenon an EJ concern?
• Kyle Whyte uses which concept to argue that environmental harm can threaten a people's ability to live as a connected collective?
• How do structural determinants shape EJ outcomes?
• In EJ context, what does COSH stand for?
• Which statement characterizes Recognition Justice in the critique, highlighting its focus on individual agency?
• What is a Health Impact Assessment (HIA) and how does it connect to environmental justice?
• The Public-Private Paradox is criticized for being what in scope?
• What event is cited as an ecological justice example in the material?
• How does climate justice intersect with environmental justice?
• What are EJ indicators used for?
• Which form of justice is also known as participatory justice?
• Which statement best reflects ecological justice?
• Mandatory EJ analyses across agencies are proposed to ensure what outcome?
• Which best describes a direct responsibility of civil society in EJ advocacy?
• Cumulative impacts in environmental justice analyses are defined as which of the following?
• Which two populations are commonly identified as vulnerable in environmental justice work?
• Which statement best describes recognition justice as an EJ pillar?
• The term Tributaries in EJ literature refers to the diverse movements that feed into the main river of Environmental Justice. What do tributaries symbolize?
• Which statement best describes the overall aim of environmental justice movements?
• Which definition matches Collective Continuance?
• Which practice is cited as an example where recognition justice would be necessary because it labels neighborhoods with higher numbers of racial minorities as undesirable for investment?
• What is the purpose of the EPA’s environmental justice guidance from the early 1990s?
• What risk arises if data privacy is not protected in EJ data collection?
• Which statement best describes the three core dimensions of environmental justice?